2026-03-17 16:53:50 +09:00
--- a/.gitea/workflows/deploy.yml
+++ b/.gitea/workflows/deploy.yml
@ -31,10 +31,10 @@ jobs:
          echo "Frontend deployed at $(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')"

      # ═══ Backend ═══
-      - name: Install JDK 17 + Maven
+      - name: Install JDK 21 + Maven
        run: |
          apt-get update -qq
-          apt-get install -y -qq openjdk-17-jdk-headless maven > /dev/null 2>&1
+          apt-get install -y -qq openjdk-21-jdk-headless maven > /dev/null 2>&1
          java -version
          mvn --version

--- a/backend/.sdkmanrc
+++ b/backend/.sdkmanrc
@ -1 +1 @@
-java=17.0.18-amzn
+java=21.0.9-amzn
--- a/backend/pom.xml
+++ b/backend/pom.xml
@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
    <description>KCG Monitoring Dashboard Backend</description>

    <properties>
-        <java.version>17</java.version>
+        <java.version>21</java.version>
        <jjwt.version>0.12.6</jjwt.version>
    </properties>

@ -45,6 +45,12 @@
            <scope>runtime</scope>
        </dependency>

+        <!-- PostGIS / Hibernate Spatial -->
+        <dependency>
+            <groupId>org.hibernate.orm</groupId>
+            <artifactId>hibernate-spatial</artifactId>
+        </dependency>
+
        <!-- Lombok -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
--- a/backend/src/main/java/gc/mda/kcg/collector/aircraft/AircraftCacheStore.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/gc/mda/kcg/collector/aircraft/AircraftCacheStore.java
@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+package gc.mda.kcg.collector.aircraft;
+
+import gc.mda.kcg.domain.aircraft.AircraftDto;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
+
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+
+/**
+ * 항공기 데이터 인메모리 캐시.
+ * 소스별 원본을 유지하고, 병합된 최종 결과를 Controller에 제공.
+ */
+@Component
+public class AircraftCacheStore {
+
+    // 최종 병합 결과 (Controller가 읽는 데이터)
+    private final Map<String, List<AircraftDto>> regionCache = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+    // 소스별 원본 버퍼 (region → source → aircraft list)
+    private final Map<String, Map<String, List<AircraftDto>>> sourceBuffers = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+    // 마지막 갱신 시각
+    private final Map<String, Long> lastUpdated = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+    public static final String SOURCE_LIVE = "live";
+    public static final String SOURCE_MIL = "mil";
+    public static final String SOURCE_OPENSKY = "opensky";
+
+    /**
+     * 특정 소스의 데이터 갱신.
+     */
+    public void updateSource(String region, String source, List<AircraftDto> aircraft) {
+        sourceBuffers
+                .computeIfAbsent(region, k -> new ConcurrentHashMap<>())
+                .put(source, Collections.unmodifiableList(new ArrayList<>(aircraft)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 소스별 데이터를 병합하여 regionCache를 갱신.
+     * 병합 우선순위: live > mil > opensky (icao24 기준 중복제거)
+     */
+    public void mergeAndUpdate(String region) {
+        Map<String, List<AircraftDto>> sources = sourceBuffers.getOrDefault(region, Map.of());
+
+        List<AircraftDto> fromLive = sources.getOrDefault(SOURCE_LIVE, List.of());
+        List<AircraftDto> fromMil = sources.getOrDefault(SOURCE_MIL, List.of());
+        List<AircraftDto> fromOpenSky = sources.getOrDefault(SOURCE_OPENSKY, List.of());
+
+        Map<String, AircraftDto> merged = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+
+        // 1순위: live (point/radius — 가장 상세)
+        for (AircraftDto a : fromLive) {
+            merged.put(a.getIcao24(), a);
+        }
+
+        // 2순위: mil — 기존 항목은 category/typecode 보강, 없는 항목은 추가
+        for (AircraftDto m : fromMil) {
+            AircraftDto existing = merged.get(m.getIcao24());
+            if (existing != null) {
+                // mil 데이터로 category/typecode 보강
+                merged.put(m.getIcao24(), AircraftDto.builder()
+                        .icao24(existing.getIcao24())
+                        .callsign(existing.getCallsign())
+                        .lat(existing.getLat())
+                        .lng(existing.getLng())
+                        .altitude(existing.getAltitude())
+                        .velocity(existing.getVelocity())
+                        .heading(existing.getHeading())
+                        .verticalRate(existing.getVerticalRate())
+                        .onGround(existing.isOnGround())
+                        .category(m.getCategory())
+                        .typecode(m.getTypecode() != null ? m.getTypecode() : existing.getTypecode())
+                        .typeDesc(existing.getTypeDesc())
+                        .registration(existing.getRegistration())
+                        .operator(existing.getOperator())
+                        .squawk(existing.getSquawk())
+                        .lastSeen(existing.getLastSeen())
+                        .build());
+            } else {
+                merged.put(m.getIcao24(), m);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 3순위: opensky — 없는 항목만 추가
+        for (AircraftDto a : fromOpenSky) {
+            merged.putIfAbsent(a.getIcao24(), a);
+        }
+
+        regionCache.put(region, Collections.unmodifiableList(new ArrayList<>(merged.values())));
+        lastUpdated.put(region, System.currentTimeMillis());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 병합된 최종 결과 조회.
+     */
+    public List<AircraftDto> get(String region) {
+        return regionCache.getOrDefault(region, List.of());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 마지막 갱신 시각 조회.
+     */
+    public long getLastUpdated(String region) {
+        return lastUpdated.getOrDefault(region, 0L);
+    }
+}
--- a/backend/src/main/java/gc/mda/kcg/collector/aircraft/AircraftClassifier.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/gc/mda/kcg/collector/aircraft/AircraftClassifier.java
@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+package gc.mda.kcg.collector.aircraft;
+
+import gc.mda.kcg.domain.aircraft.AircraftCategory;
+
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ * 항공기 카테고리 분류 유틸리티.
+ * 프론트엔드 airplaneslive.ts / opensky.ts의 분류 로직을 이식.
+ */
+public final class AircraftClassifier {
+
+    private AircraftClassifier() {}
+
+    // Airplanes.live 타입코드 기반 분류
+    private static final Map<String, AircraftCategory> TYPE_CATEGORY_MAP = Map.ofEntries(
+            // Fighter
+            Map.entry("F16", AircraftCategory.FIGHTER),
+            Map.entry("F15", AircraftCategory.FIGHTER),
+            Map.entry("F15E", AircraftCategory.FIGHTER),
+            Map.entry("FA18", AircraftCategory.FIGHTER),
+            Map.entry("F22", AircraftCategory.FIGHTER),
+            Map.entry("F35", AircraftCategory.FIGHTER),
+            Map.entry("F14", AircraftCategory.FIGHTER),
+            Map.entry("EF2K", AircraftCategory.FIGHTER),
+            Map.entry("RFAL", AircraftCategory.FIGHTER),
+            Map.entry("SU27", AircraftCategory.FIGHTER),
+            Map.entry("SU30", AircraftCategory.FIGHTER),
+            Map.entry("SU35", AircraftCategory.FIGHTER),
+            // Tanker
+            Map.entry("KC10", AircraftCategory.TANKER),
+            Map.entry("KC30", AircraftCategory.TANKER),
+            Map.entry("KC46", AircraftCategory.TANKER),
+            Map.entry("K35R", AircraftCategory.TANKER),
+            Map.entry("KC35", AircraftCategory.TANKER),
+            Map.entry("A332", AircraftCategory.TANKER),
+            // Surveillance
+            Map.entry("RC135", AircraftCategory.SURVEILLANCE),
+            Map.entry("E3", AircraftCategory.SURVEILLANCE),
+            Map.entry("E8", AircraftCategory.SURVEILLANCE),
+            Map.entry("RQ4", AircraftCategory.SURVEILLANCE),
+            Map.entry("MQ9", AircraftCategory.SURVEILLANCE),
+            Map.entry("P8", AircraftCategory.SURVEILLANCE),
+            Map.entry("EP3", AircraftCategory.SURVEILLANCE),
+            Map.entry("E6", AircraftCategory.SURVEILLANCE),
+            Map.entry("U2", AircraftCategory.SURVEILLANCE),
+            // Cargo
+            Map.entry("C17", AircraftCategory.CARGO),
+            Map.entry("C5", AircraftCategory.CARGO),
+            Map.entry("C130", AircraftCategory.CARGO),
+            Map.entry("C2", AircraftCategory.CARGO)
+    );
+
+    // OpenSky 콜사인 prefix 기반 분류
+    private static final Map<String, AircraftCategory> CALLSIGN_PREFIX_MAP = Map.ofEntries(
+            Map.entry("RCH", AircraftCategory.CARGO),
+            Map.entry("REACH", AircraftCategory.CARGO),
+            Map.entry("KING", AircraftCategory.TANKER),
+            Map.entry("ETHYL", AircraftCategory.TANKER),
+            Map.entry("STEEL", AircraftCategory.TANKER),
+            Map.entry("PACK", AircraftCategory.TANKER),
+            Map.entry("NCHO", AircraftCategory.TANKER),
+            Map.entry("JULEP", AircraftCategory.TANKER),
+            Map.entry("IRON", AircraftCategory.FIGHTER),
+            Map.entry("VIPER", AircraftCategory.FIGHTER),
+            Map.entry("RAGE", AircraftCategory.FIGHTER),
+            Map.entry("DEATH", AircraftCategory.FIGHTER),
+            Map.entry("TOXIN", AircraftCategory.SURVEILLANCE),
+            Map.entry("OLIVE", AircraftCategory.SURVEILLANCE),
+            Map.entry("COBRA", AircraftCategory.SURVEILLANCE),
+            Map.entry("FORTE", AircraftCategory.SURVEILLANCE),
+            Map.entry("HAWK", AircraftCategory.SURVEILLANCE),
+            Map.entry("GLOBAL", AircraftCategory.SURVEILLANCE),
+            Map.entry("SNTRY", AircraftCategory.SURVEILLANCE),
+            Map.entry("WIZARD", AircraftCategory.SURVEILLANCE),
+            Map.entry("REAPER", AircraftCategory.SURVEILLANCE),
+            Map.entry("DRAGON", AircraftCategory.SURVEILLANCE),
+            Map.entry("DOOM", AircraftCategory.MILITARY),
+            Map.entry("EVAC", AircraftCategory.MILITARY),
+            Map.entry("SAM", AircraftCategory.MILITARY),
+            Map.entry("EXEC", AircraftCategory.MILITARY),
+            Map.entry("NAVY", AircraftCategory.MILITARY),
+            Map.entry("TOPCT", AircraftCategory.MILITARY)
+    );
+
+    /**
+     * 타입코드 기반 분류 (Airplanes.live).
+     * 타입코드에 군용 코드가 포함되어 있으면 해당 카테고리 반환.
+     */
+    public static AircraftCategory classifyByTypecode(String typecode) {
+        if (typecode == null || typecode.isBlank()) return AircraftCategory.CIVILIAN;
+        String upper = typecode.toUpperCase();
+        for (var entry : TYPE_CATEGORY_MAP.entrySet()) {
+            if (upper.contains(entry.getKey())) return entry.getValue();
+        }
+        return AircraftCategory.CIVILIAN;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * dbFlags 기반 군용기 판별 (Airplanes.live).
+     * dbFlags & 1 == 1이면 DB에서 군용기로 분류된 항공기.
+     */
+    public static boolean isMilitaryByDbFlags(int dbFlags) {
+        return (dbFlags & 1) == 1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 콜사인 prefix 기반 분류 (OpenSky).
+     */
+    public static AircraftCategory classifyByCallsign(String callsign) {
+        if (callsign == null || callsign.isBlank()) return AircraftCategory.CIVILIAN;
+        String upper = callsign.toUpperCase().trim();
+        for (var entry : CALLSIGN_PREFIX_MAP.entrySet()) {
+            if (upper.startsWith(entry.getKey())) return entry.getValue();
+        }
+        return AircraftCategory.CIVILIAN;
+    }
+}
--- a/backend/src/main/java/gc/mda/kcg/collector/aircraft/AirplanesLiveCollector.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/gc/mda/kcg/collector/aircraft/AirplanesLiveCollector.java
@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+package gc.mda.kcg.collector.aircraft;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+import gc.mda.kcg.domain.aircraft.AircraftDto;
+import gc.mda.kcg.domain.aircraft.AircraftPosition;
+import gc.mda.kcg.domain.aircraft.AircraftPositionRepository;
+import jakarta.annotation.PostConstruct;
+import lombok.RequiredArgsConstructor;
+import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
+import org.locationtech.jts.geom.Coordinate;
+import org.locationtech.jts.geom.GeometryFactory;
+import org.locationtech.jts.geom.PrecisionModel;
+import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
+import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.Scheduled;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
+import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
+
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+@Slf4j
+@Component
+@RequiredArgsConstructor
+public class AirplanesLiveCollector {
+
+    private static final String BASE_URL = "https://api.airplanes.live/v2";
+    private static final int DELAY_MS = 1500;
+    private static final int BACKOFF_MS = 5000;
+    private static final int POINTS_PER_CYCLE = 2;
+
+    private final RestTemplate restTemplate;
+    private final ObjectMapper objectMapper;
+    private final AircraftCacheStore cacheStore;
+    private final AircraftPositionRepository positionRepository;
+
+    private final GeometryFactory geometryFactory = new GeometryFactory(new PrecisionModel(), 4326);
+
+    // 이란/중동 쿼리 포인트 (프론트엔드 LIVE_QUERIES)
+    private static final List<RegionQuery> IRAN_QUERIES = List.of(
+            new RegionQuery(35.5, 51.5, 250),
+            new RegionQuery(30.0, 52.0, 250),
+            new RegionQuery(33.0, 57.0, 250),
+            new RegionQuery(33.5, 44.0, 250),
+            new RegionQuery(33.0, 36.0, 250),
+            new RegionQuery(38.0, 40.0, 250),
+            new RegionQuery(25.0, 55.0, 250),
+            new RegionQuery(26.0, 44.0, 250),
+            new RegionQuery(16.0, 44.0, 250),
+            new RegionQuery(22.0, 62.0, 250)
+    );
+
+    // 한국 쿼리 포인트 (프론트엔드 KR_QUERIES)
+    private static final List<RegionQuery> KOREA_QUERIES = List.of(
+            new RegionQuery(37.5, 127.0, 250),
+            new RegionQuery(35.0, 129.0, 250),
+            new RegionQuery(33.5, 126.5, 200),
+            new RegionQuery(36.0, 127.0, 250),
+            new RegionQuery(38.5, 128.0, 200),
+            new RegionQuery(35.5, 131.0, 250),
+            new RegionQuery(34.0, 124.0, 200),
+            new RegionQuery(40.0, 130.0, 250)
+    );
+
+    // 이란 mil 필터 bbox
+    private static final double IRAN_LAT_MIN = 12, IRAN_LAT_MAX = 42;
+    private static final double IRAN_LNG_MIN = 25, IRAN_LNG_MAX = 68;
+
+    // 한국 mil 필터 bbox
+    private static final double KOREA_LAT_MIN = 15, KOREA_LAT_MAX = 50;
+    private static final double KOREA_LNG_MIN = 110, KOREA_LNG_MAX = 150;
+
+    private final AtomicInteger iranQueryIdx = new AtomicInteger(0);
+    private final AtomicInteger koreaQueryIdx = new AtomicInteger(0);
+
+    // 지역별 서브캐시 (point/radius 결과를 지점 인덱스별로 보관)
+    private final Map<String, List<AircraftDto>> iranRegionBuffers = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+    private final Map<String, List<AircraftDto>> koreaRegionBuffers = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+    private volatile boolean iranInitDone = false;
+    private volatile boolean koreaInitDone = false;
+
+    @PostConstruct
+    public void init() {
+        Thread.ofVirtual().name("aircraft-init").start(() -> {
+            doInitialLoad("iran", IRAN_QUERIES, iranRegionBuffers);
+            iranInitDone = true;
+            mergePointResults("iran", iranRegionBuffers);
+            log.info("Airplanes.live 이란 초기 로드 완료");
+
+            doInitialLoad("korea", KOREA_QUERIES, koreaRegionBuffers);
+            koreaInitDone = true;
+            mergePointResults("korea", koreaRegionBuffers);
+            log.info("Airplanes.live 한국 초기 로드 완료");
+        });
+    }
+
+    private void doInitialLoad(String region, List<RegionQuery> queries, Map<String, List<AircraftDto>> buffers) {
+        log.info("Airplanes.live {} 초기 로드 시작 ({} 지점)", region, queries.size());
+        for (int i = 0; i < queries.size(); i++) {
+            if (i > 0) sleep(DELAY_MS);
+            List<AircraftDto> ac = fetchPoint(queries.get(i));
+            buffers.put(String.valueOf(i), ac);
+            log.debug("  {} 지점 {}: {} 항공기", region, i, ac.size());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 이란 지역 수집 — 60초마다 2개 지점 순환 갱신 + mil
+     */
+    @Scheduled(initialDelay = 60_000, fixedDelay = 60_000)
+    public void collectIran() {
+        if (!iranInitDone) return;
+
+        // 2개 지점 순환 갱신
+        int startIdx = iranQueryIdx.getAndUpdate(i -> (i + POINTS_PER_CYCLE) % IRAN_QUERIES.size());
+        for (int i = 0; i < POINTS_PER_CYCLE; i++) {
+            int idx = (startIdx + i) % IRAN_QUERIES.size();
+            if (i > 0) sleep(DELAY_MS);
+            List<AircraftDto> ac = fetchPoint(IRAN_QUERIES.get(idx));
+            iranRegionBuffers.put(String.valueOf(idx), ac);
+        }
+        mergePointResults("iran", iranRegionBuffers);
+
+        // mil 엔드포인트 (이란 bbox 필터)
+        sleep(DELAY_MS);
+        List<AircraftDto> mil = fetchMilitary(IRAN_LAT_MIN, IRAN_LAT_MAX, IRAN_LNG_MIN, IRAN_LNG_MAX);
+        cacheStore.updateSource("iran", AircraftCacheStore.SOURCE_MIL, mil);
+        cacheStore.mergeAndUpdate("iran");
+
+        // DB 적재
+        persistAll(mergeForPersistence(iranRegionBuffers, mil), "airplaneslive", "iran");
+        log.debug("Airplanes.live 이란 수집 완료 — 캐시: {}", cacheStore.get("iran").size());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 한국 지역 수집 — 60초마다 2개 지점 순환 갱신 + mil
+     */
+    @Scheduled(initialDelay = 65_000, fixedDelay = 60_000)
+    public void collectKorea() {
+        if (!koreaInitDone) return;
+
+        int startIdx = koreaQueryIdx.getAndUpdate(i -> (i + POINTS_PER_CYCLE) % KOREA_QUERIES.size());
+        for (int i = 0; i < POINTS_PER_CYCLE; i++) {
+            int idx = (startIdx + i) % KOREA_QUERIES.size();
+            if (i > 0) sleep(DELAY_MS);
+            List<AircraftDto> ac = fetchPoint(KOREA_QUERIES.get(idx));
+            koreaRegionBuffers.put(String.valueOf(idx), ac);
+        }
+        mergePointResults("korea", koreaRegionBuffers);
+
+        sleep(DELAY_MS);
+        List<AircraftDto> mil = fetchMilitary(KOREA_LAT_MIN, KOREA_LAT_MAX, KOREA_LNG_MIN, KOREA_LNG_MAX);
+        cacheStore.updateSource("korea", AircraftCacheStore.SOURCE_MIL, mil);
+        cacheStore.mergeAndUpdate("korea");
+
+        persistAll(mergeForPersistence(koreaRegionBuffers, mil), "airplaneslive", "korea");
+        log.debug("Airplanes.live 한국 수집 완료 — 캐시: {}", cacheStore.get("korea").size());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * point/radius 결과를 dedup 후 캐시의 live 소스로 업데이트.
+     */
+    private void mergePointResults(String region, Map<String, List<AircraftDto>> buffers) {
+        Set<String> seen = new HashSet<>();
+        List<AircraftDto> merged = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (List<AircraftDto> ac : buffers.values()) {
+            for (AircraftDto a : ac) {
+                if (seen.add(a.getIcao24())) merged.add(a);
+            }
+        }
+        cacheStore.updateSource(region, AircraftCacheStore.SOURCE_LIVE, merged);
+        cacheStore.mergeAndUpdate(region);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * DB 적재용 병합 (point + mil dedup)
+     */
+    private List<AircraftDto> mergeForPersistence(Map<String, List<AircraftDto>> pointBuffers, List<AircraftDto> mil) {
+        Map<String, AircraftDto> map = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        for (List<AircraftDto> ac : pointBuffers.values()) {
+            for (AircraftDto a : ac) map.putIfAbsent(a.getIcao24(), a);
+        }
+        for (AircraftDto m : mil) map.putIfAbsent(m.getIcao24(), m);
+        return new ArrayList<>(map.values());
+    }
+
+    private List<AircraftDto> fetchPoint(RegionQuery q) {
+        try {
+            String url = String.format("%s/point/%s/%s/%d", BASE_URL, q.lat(), q.lon(), q.radius());
+            ResponseEntity<String> response = restTemplate.getForEntity(url, String.class);
+            if (response.getStatusCode().value() == 429) {
+                log.warn("Airplanes.live 429 rate limited, 백오프 {}ms", BACKOFF_MS);
+                sleep(BACKOFF_MS);
+                return List.of();
+            }
+            JsonNode root = objectMapper.readTree(response.getBody());
+            return AirplanesLiveParser.parse(root);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            log.warn("Airplanes.live point 요청 실패 ({},{}): {}", q.lat(), q.lon(), e.getMessage());
+            return List.of();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private List<AircraftDto> fetchMilitary(double latMin, double latMax, double lngMin, double lngMax) {
+        try {
+            String url = BASE_URL + "/mil";
+            ResponseEntity<String> response = restTemplate.getForEntity(url, String.class);
+            if (response.getStatusCode().value() == 429) {
+                log.warn("Airplanes.live mil 429, 스킵");
+                return List.of();
+            }
+            JsonNode root = objectMapper.readTree(response.getBody());
+            return AirplanesLiveParser.parse(root).stream()
+                    .filter(a -> a.getLat() >= latMin && a.getLat() <= latMax
+                            && a.getLng() >= lngMin && a.getLng() <= lngMax)
+                    .toList();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            log.warn("Airplanes.live mil 요청 실패: {}", e.getMessage());
+            return List.of();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void persistAll(List<AircraftDto> aircraft, String source, String region) {
+        if (aircraft.isEmpty()) return;
+        try {
+            Instant now = Instant.now();
+            List<AircraftPosition> entities = aircraft.stream()
+                    .map(dto -> AircraftPosition.builder()
+                            .icao24(dto.getIcao24())
+                            .callsign(dto.getCallsign())
+                            .position(geometryFactory.createPoint(new Coordinate(dto.getLng(), dto.getLat())))
+                            .altitude(dto.getAltitude())
+                            .velocity(dto.getVelocity())
+                            .heading(dto.getHeading())
+                            .verticalRate(dto.getVerticalRate())
+                            .onGround(dto.isOnGround())
+                            .category(dto.getCategory())
+                            .typecode(dto.getTypecode())
+                            .typeDesc(dto.getTypeDesc())
+                            .registration(dto.getRegistration())
+                            .operator(dto.getOperator())
+                            .squawk(dto.getSquawk())
+                            .source(source)
+                            .region(region)
+                            .collectedAt(now)
+                            .lastSeen(Instant.ofEpochMilli(dto.getLastSeen()))
+                            .build())
+                    .toList();
+            positionRepository.saveAll(entities);
+            log.debug("DB 적재 완료: {} {} — {} 건", source, region, entities.size());
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            log.error("DB 적재 실패 ({} {}): {}", source, region, e.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void sleep(int ms) {
+        try {
+            Thread.sleep(ms);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+        }
+    }
+
+    record RegionQuery(double lat, double lon, int radius) {}
+}
--- a/backend/src/main/java/gc/mda/kcg/collector/aircraft/AirplanesLiveParser.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/gc/mda/kcg/collector/aircraft/AirplanesLiveParser.java
@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+package gc.mda.kcg.collector.aircraft;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode;
+import gc.mda.kcg.domain.aircraft.AircraftCategory;
+import gc.mda.kcg.domain.aircraft.AircraftDto;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Airplanes.live API 응답 JSON → AircraftDto 변환.
+ * 프론트엔드 airplaneslive.ts:parseAirplanesLive 이식.
+ */
+public final class AirplanesLiveParser {
+
+    private AirplanesLiveParser() {}
+
+    private static final double FT_TO_M = 0.3048;
+    private static final double KNOTS_TO_MS = 0.5144;
+    private static final double FPM_TO_MS = 0.00508;
+
+    /**
+     * Airplanes.live JSON 응답을 파싱하여 AircraftDto 리스트 반환.
+     * 응답 구조: { "ac": [ { hex, flight, lat, lon, alt_baro, gs, ... } ] }
+     */
+    public static List<AircraftDto> parse(JsonNode root) {
+        JsonNode acArray = root.path("ac");
+        if (acArray.isMissingNode() || !acArray.isArray()) {
+            return List.of();
+        }
+
+        List<AircraftDto> result = new ArrayList<>();
+        long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+        for (JsonNode a : acArray) {
+            if (a.path("lat").isMissingNode() || a.path("lon").isMissingNode()) continue;
+            Double lat = getDouble(a, "lat");
+            Double lon = getDouble(a, "lon");
+            if (lat == null || lon == null) continue;
+
+            String typecode = getString(a, "t", "");
+            int dbFlags = getInt(a, "dbFlags", 0);
+
+            AircraftCategory category = AircraftClassifier.classifyByTypecode(typecode);
+            if (category == AircraftCategory.CIVILIAN && AircraftClassifier.isMilitaryByDbFlags(dbFlags)) {
+                category = AircraftCategory.MILITARY;
+            }
+
+            // alt_baro: 숫자(feet) 또는 문자열 "ground"
+            double altitude = 0;
+            boolean onGround = false;
+            JsonNode altNode = a.path("alt_baro");
+            if (altNode.isTextual() && "ground".equals(altNode.asText())) {
+                onGround = true;
+            } else if (altNode.isNumber()) {
+                altitude = altNode.asDouble() * FT_TO_M;
+            }
+
+            double heading = a.has("track") ? a.path("track").asDouble(0)
+                    : a.path("nav_heading").asDouble(0);
+            int seen = getInt(a, "seen", 0);
+
+            result.add(AircraftDto.builder()
+                    .icao24(getString(a, "hex", ""))
+                    .callsign(getString(a, "flight", "").trim())
+                    .lat(lat)
+                    .lng(lon)
+                    .altitude(altitude)
+                    .velocity(getDouble(a, "gs", 0) * KNOTS_TO_MS)
+                    .heading(heading)
+                    .verticalRate(getDouble(a, "baro_rate", 0) * FPM_TO_MS)
+                    .onGround(onGround)
+                    .category(category)
+                    .typecode(typecode.isEmpty() ? null : typecode)
+                    .typeDesc(getStringOrNull(a, "desc"))
+                    .registration(getStringOrNull(a, "r"))
+                    .operator(getStringOrNull(a, "ownOp"))
+                    .squawk(getStringOrNull(a, "squawk"))
+                    .lastSeen(now - (long) seen * 1000)
+                    .build());
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private static String getString(JsonNode node, String field, String defaultVal) {
+        JsonNode v = node.path(field);
+        return v.isMissingNode() || v.isNull() ? defaultVal : v.asText(defaultVal);
+    }
+
+    private static String getStringOrNull(JsonNode node, String field) {
+        JsonNode v = node.path(field);
+        if (v.isMissingNode() || v.isNull() || v.asText().isBlank()) return null;
+        return v.asText();
+    }
+
+    private static Double getDouble(JsonNode node, String field) {
+        JsonNode v = node.path(field);
+        return v.isNumber() ? v.asDouble() : null;
+    }
+
+    private static double getDouble(JsonNode node, String field, double defaultVal) {
+        JsonNode v = node.path(field);
+        return v.isNumber() ? v.asDouble() : defaultVal;
+    }
+
+    private static int getInt(JsonNode node, String field, int defaultVal) {
+        JsonNode v = node.path(field);
+        return v.isNumber() ? v.asInt() : defaultVal;
+    }
+}
--- a/backend/src/main/java/gc/mda/kcg/collector/aircraft/OpenSkyCollector.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/gc/mda/kcg/collector/aircraft/OpenSkyCollector.java
@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+package gc.mda.kcg.collector.aircraft;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+import gc.mda.kcg.domain.aircraft.AircraftDto;
+import gc.mda.kcg.domain.aircraft.AircraftPosition;
+import gc.mda.kcg.domain.aircraft.AircraftPositionRepository;
+import lombok.RequiredArgsConstructor;
+import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
+import org.locationtech.jts.geom.Coordinate;
+import org.locationtech.jts.geom.GeometryFactory;
+import org.locationtech.jts.geom.PrecisionModel;
+import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
+import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.Scheduled;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
+import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
+
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.util.List;
+
+@Slf4j
+@Component
+@RequiredArgsConstructor
+public class OpenSkyCollector {
+
+    private static final String BASE_URL = "https://opensky-network.org/api";
+
+    // 이란/중동 bbox
+    private static final String IRAN_PARAMS = "lamin=24&lomin=30&lamax=42&lomax=62";
+    // 한국/동아시아 bbox
+    private static final String KOREA_PARAMS = "lamin=20&lomin=115&lamax=45&lomax=145";
+
+    private final RestTemplate restTemplate;
+    private final ObjectMapper objectMapper;
+    private final AircraftCacheStore cacheStore;
+    private final AircraftPositionRepository positionRepository;
+
+    private final GeometryFactory geometryFactory = new GeometryFactory(new PrecisionModel(), 4326);
+
+    @Scheduled(initialDelay = 30_000, fixedDelay = 60_000)
+    public void collectIran() {
+        List<AircraftDto> aircraft = fetchStates(IRAN_PARAMS);
+        if (!aircraft.isEmpty()) {
+            cacheStore.updateSource("iran", AircraftCacheStore.SOURCE_OPENSKY, aircraft);
+            cacheStore.mergeAndUpdate("iran");
+            persistAll(aircraft, "opensky", "iran");
+        }
+        log.debug("OpenSky 이란 수집 완료: {} 항공기", aircraft.size());
+    }
+
+    @Scheduled(initialDelay = 45_000, fixedDelay = 60_000)
+    public void collectKorea() {
+        List<AircraftDto> aircraft = fetchStates(KOREA_PARAMS);
+        if (!aircraft.isEmpty()) {
+            cacheStore.updateSource("korea", AircraftCacheStore.SOURCE_OPENSKY, aircraft);
+            cacheStore.mergeAndUpdate("korea");
+            persistAll(aircraft, "opensky", "korea");
+        }
+        log.debug("OpenSky 한국 수집 완료: {} 항공기", aircraft.size());
+    }
+
+    private List<AircraftDto> fetchStates(String bboxParams) {
+        try {
+            String url = BASE_URL + "/states/all?" + bboxParams;
+            ResponseEntity<String> response = restTemplate.getForEntity(url, String.class);
+            if (response.getStatusCode().value() == 429) {
+                log.warn("OpenSky 429 rate limited, 스킵");
+                return List.of();
+            }
+            JsonNode root = objectMapper.readTree(response.getBody());
+            return OpenSkyParser.parse(root);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            log.warn("OpenSky 요청 실패: {}", e.getMessage());
+            return List.of();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void persistAll(List<AircraftDto> aircraft, String source, String region) {
+        try {
+            Instant now = Instant.now();
+            List<AircraftPosition> entities = aircraft.stream()
+                    .map(dto -> AircraftPosition.builder()
+                            .icao24(dto.getIcao24())
+                            .callsign(dto.getCallsign())
+                            .position(geometryFactory.createPoint(new Coordinate(dto.getLng(), dto.getLat())))
+                            .altitude(dto.getAltitude())
+                            .velocity(dto.getVelocity())
+                            .heading(dto.getHeading())
+                            .verticalRate(dto.getVerticalRate())
+                            .onGround(dto.isOnGround())
+                            .category(dto.getCategory())
+                            .typecode(dto.getTypecode())
+                            .typeDesc(dto.getTypeDesc())
+                            .registration(dto.getRegistration())
+                            .operator(dto.getOperator())
+                            .squawk(dto.getSquawk())
+                            .source(source)
+                            .region(region)
+                            .collectedAt(now)
+                            .lastSeen(Instant.ofEpochMilli(dto.getLastSeen()))
+                            .build())
+                    .toList();
+            positionRepository.saveAll(entities);
+            log.debug("DB 적재 완료: {} {} — {} 건", source, region, entities.size());
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            log.error("DB 적재 실패 ({} {}): {}", source, region, e.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/backend/src/main/java/gc/mda/kcg/collector/aircraft/OpenSkyParser.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/gc/mda/kcg/collector/aircraft/OpenSkyParser.java
@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+package gc.mda.kcg.collector.aircraft;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode;
+import gc.mda.kcg.domain.aircraft.AircraftCategory;
+import gc.mda.kcg.domain.aircraft.AircraftDto;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * OpenSky Network API 응답 JSON → AircraftDto 변환.
+ * 프론트엔드 opensky.ts:parseOpenSkyResponse 이식.
+ *
+ * 응답 구조: { "time": 1234, "states": [ [icao24, callsign, ..., lat, lng, alt, ...], ... ] }
+ * 인덱스: 0=icao24, 1=callsign, 4=lastSeen, 5=lng, 6=lat, 7=altitude(m),
+ *         8=onGround, 9=velocity(m/s), 10=heading, 11=verticalRate
+ */
+public final class OpenSkyParser {
+
+    private OpenSkyParser() {}
+
+    public static List<AircraftDto> parse(JsonNode root) {
+        JsonNode states = root.path("states");
+        if (states.isMissingNode() || !states.isArray()) {
+            return List.of();
+        }
+
+        List<AircraftDto> result = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        for (JsonNode s : states) {
+            if (!s.isArray() || s.size() < 12) continue;
+
+            // lat(6), lng(5) 필수
+            if (s.get(6).isNull() || s.get(5).isNull()) continue;
+
+            String callsign = s.get(1).isNull() ? "" : s.get(1).asText("").trim();
+            AircraftCategory category = AircraftClassifier.classifyByCallsign(callsign);
+
+            result.add(AircraftDto.builder()
+                    .icao24(s.get(0).asText(""))
+                    .callsign(callsign)
+                    .lat(s.get(6).asDouble())
+                    .lng(s.get(5).asDouble())
+                    .altitude(s.get(7).isNull() ? 0 : s.get(7).asDouble())
+                    .velocity(s.get(9).isNull() ? 0 : s.get(9).asDouble())
+                    .heading(s.get(10).isNull() ? 0 : s.get(10).asDouble())
+                    .verticalRate(s.get(11).isNull() ? 0 : s.get(11).asDouble())
+                    .onGround(s.get(8).isNull() ? false : s.get(8).asBoolean())
+                    .category(category)
+                    .lastSeen(s.get(4).isNull() ? System.currentTimeMillis() : s.get(4).asLong() * 1000)
+                    .build());
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+}
--- a/backend/src/main/java/gc/mda/kcg/config/AppProperties.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/gc/mda/kcg/config/AppProperties.java
@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ public class AppProperties {
    private Jwt jwt = new Jwt();
    private Google google = new Google();
    private Auth auth = new Auth();
+    private Collector collector = new Collector();

    @Getter
    @Setter
@ -33,4 +34,13 @@ public class AppProperties {
    public static class Auth {
        private String allowedDomain;
    }
+
+    @Getter
+    @Setter
+    public static class Collector {
+        private String airplanesLiveBaseUrl = "https://api.airplanes.live/v2";
+        private String openSkyBaseUrl = "https://opensky-network.org/api";
+        private int requestDelayMs = 1500;
+        private int backoffMs = 5000;
+    }
 }
--- a/backend/src/main/java/gc/mda/kcg/config/RestTemplateConfig.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/gc/mda/kcg/config/RestTemplateConfig.java
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+package gc.mda.kcg.config;
+
+import org.springframework.boot.web.client.RestTemplateBuilder;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
+import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
+
+import java.time.Duration;
+
+@Configuration
+public class RestTemplateConfig {
+
+    @Bean
+    public RestTemplate restTemplate(RestTemplateBuilder builder) {
+        return builder
+                .setConnectTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(5))
+                .setReadTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(10))
+                .build();
+    }
+}
--- a/backend/src/main/java/gc/mda/kcg/domain/aircraft/AircraftCategory.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/gc/mda/kcg/domain/aircraft/AircraftCategory.java
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package gc.mda.kcg.domain.aircraft;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonValue;
+
+public enum AircraftCategory {
+    MILITARY,
+    TANKER,
+    SURVEILLANCE,
+    FIGHTER,
+    CARGO,
+    CIVILIAN,
+    UNKNOWN;
+
+    @JsonValue
+    public String toValue() {
+        return name().toLowerCase();
+    }
+
+    public static AircraftCategory fromString(String value) {
+        if (value == null) return UNKNOWN;
+        try {
+            return valueOf(value.toUpperCase());
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            return UNKNOWN;
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/backend/src/main/java/gc/mda/kcg/domain/aircraft/AircraftController.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/gc/mda/kcg/domain/aircraft/AircraftController.java
@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+package gc.mda.kcg.domain.aircraft;
+
+import gc.mda.kcg.collector.aircraft.AircraftCacheStore;
+import lombok.RequiredArgsConstructor;
+import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+@RestController
+@RequestMapping("/api/aircraft")
+@RequiredArgsConstructor
+public class AircraftController {
+
+    private static final Set<String> VALID_REGIONS = Set.of("iran", "korea");
+
+    private final AircraftCacheStore cacheStore;
+
+    @GetMapping
+    public ResponseEntity<Map<String, Object>> getAircraft(
+            @RequestParam(defaultValue = "iran") String region) {
+
+        if (!VALID_REGIONS.contains(region)) {
+            return ResponseEntity.badRequest()
+                    .body(Map.of("error", "유효하지 않은 region: " + region));
+        }
+
+        List<AircraftDto> aircraft = cacheStore.get(region);
+        long lastUpdated = cacheStore.getLastUpdated(region);
+
+        return ResponseEntity.ok(Map.of(
+                "region", region,
+                "count", aircraft.size(),
+                "lastUpdated", lastUpdated,
+                "aircraft", aircraft
+        ));
+    }
+}
--- a/backend/src/main/java/gc/mda/kcg/domain/aircraft/AircraftDto.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/gc/mda/kcg/domain/aircraft/AircraftDto.java
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+package gc.mda.kcg.domain.aircraft;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonInclude;
+import lombok.Builder;
+import lombok.Getter;
+
+@Getter
+@Builder
+@JsonInclude(JsonInclude.Include.NON_NULL)
+public class AircraftDto {
+
+    private String icao24;
+    private String callsign;
+    private double lat;
+    private double lng;
+    private double altitude;
+    private double velocity;
+    private double heading;
+    private double verticalRate;
+    private boolean onGround;
+    private AircraftCategory category;
+    private String typecode;
+    private String typeDesc;
+    private String registration;
+    private String operator;
+    private String squawk;
+    private long lastSeen;
+}
--- a/backend/src/main/java/gc/mda/kcg/domain/aircraft/AircraftPosition.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/gc/mda/kcg/domain/aircraft/AircraftPosition.java
@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+package gc.mda.kcg.domain.aircraft;
+
+import jakarta.persistence.*;
+import lombok.*;
+import org.locationtech.jts.geom.Point;
+
+import java.time.Instant;
+
+@Entity
+@Table(name = "aircraft_positions", schema = "kcg")
+@Getter
+@Setter
+@NoArgsConstructor
+@AllArgsConstructor
+@Builder
+public class AircraftPosition {
+
+    @Id
+    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
+    private Long id;
+
+    @Column(nullable = false, length = 6)
+    private String icao24;
+
+    @Column(length = 16)
+    private String callsign;
+
+    @Column(columnDefinition = "geometry(Point, 4326)", nullable = false)
+    private Point position;
+
+    private Double altitude;
+    private Double velocity;
+    private Double heading;
+
+    @Column(name = "vertical_rate")
+    private Double verticalRate;
+
+    @Column(name = "on_ground")
+    private Boolean onGround;
+
+    @Enumerated(EnumType.STRING)
+    @Column(length = 16)
+    private AircraftCategory category;
+
+    @Column(length = 16)
+    private String typecode;
+
+    @Column(name = "type_desc", length = 128)
+    private String typeDesc;
+
+    @Column(length = 16)
+    private String registration;
+
+    @Column(length = 128)
+    private String operator;
+
+    @Column(length = 4)
+    private String squawk;
+
+    @Column(nullable = false, length = 16)
+    private String source;
+
+    @Column(nullable = false, length = 16)
+    private String region;
+
+    @Column(name = "collected_at", nullable = false)
+    private Instant collectedAt;
+
+    @Column(name = "last_seen")
+    private Instant lastSeen;
+
+    @PrePersist
+    protected void onCreate() {
+        if (collectedAt == null) {
+            collectedAt = Instant.now();
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/backend/src/main/java/gc/mda/kcg/domain/aircraft/AircraftPositionRepository.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/gc/mda/kcg/domain/aircraft/AircraftPositionRepository.java
@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+package gc.mda.kcg.domain.aircraft;
+
+import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;
+
+public interface AircraftPositionRepository extends JpaRepository<AircraftPosition, Long> {
+}
--- a/database/migration/002_aircraft_positions.sql
+++ b/database/migration/002_aircraft_positions.sql
@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+-- 002: 항공기 위치 이력 테이블 (PostGIS)
+-- 리플레이 기능을 위한 시계열 위치 데이터 저장
+
+SET search_path TO kcg;
+
+-- PostGIS 확장 활성화
+CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS postgis;
+
+-- 항공기 위치 이력 테이블
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS aircraft_positions (
+    id              BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
+    icao24          VARCHAR(6) NOT NULL,
+    callsign        VARCHAR(16),
+    position        geometry(Point, 4326) NOT NULL,
+    altitude        DOUBLE PRECISION,
+    velocity        DOUBLE PRECISION,
+    heading         DOUBLE PRECISION,
+    vertical_rate   DOUBLE PRECISION,
+    on_ground       BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE,
+    category        VARCHAR(16),
+    typecode        VARCHAR(16),
+    type_desc       VARCHAR(128),
+    registration    VARCHAR(16),
+    operator        VARCHAR(128),
+    squawk          VARCHAR(4),
+    source          VARCHAR(16) NOT NULL,
+    region          VARCHAR(16) NOT NULL,
+    collected_at    TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW(),
+    last_seen       TIMESTAMP
+);
+
+-- GiST 공간 인덱스
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_aircraft_pos_geom ON aircraft_positions USING GIST (position);
+
+-- 시간 기반 인덱스 (리플레이 쿼리 최적화)
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_aircraft_pos_collected ON aircraft_positions (collected_at);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_aircraft_pos_region_time ON aircraft_positions (region, collected_at);
+
+-- 개별 항공기 추적
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_aircraft_pos_icao24 ON aircraft_positions (icao24, collected_at);
--- a/deploy/kcg-backend.service
+++ b/deploy/kcg-backend.service
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ User=root
 Group=root
 WorkingDirectory=/devdata/services/kcg/backend
 EnvironmentFile=-/devdata/services/kcg/backend/.env
-ExecStart=/usr/lib/jvm/java-17-openjdk-17.0.18.0.8-1.el9.x86_64/bin/java \
+ExecStart=/usr/lib/jvm/java-21-openjdk-21.0.10.0.7-1.el9.x86_64/bin/java \
    -Xms2g -Xmx4g \
    -Dspring.profiles.active=prod \
    -Dspring.config.additional-location=file:/devdata/services/kcg/backend/ \
--- a/docs/RELEASE-NOTES.md
+++ b/docs/RELEASE-NOTES.md
@ -4,6 +4,19 @@

 ## [Unreleased]

+### 추가
+- 백엔드 항공기 수집기 (Airplanes.live + OpenSky, @Scheduled 60초 주기)
+- 인메모리 캐시 + PostGIS DB 적재 (향후 리플레이 지원)
+- `GET /api/aircraft?region=iran|korea` REST API
+- 프론트엔드 LIVE 모드 백엔드 API 전환 (`aircraftApi.ts`)
+- DB 마이그레이션: `aircraft_positions` 테이블 (geometry + GiST 인덱스)
+
+### 변경
+- JDK 17 → 21 업그레이드 (pom.xml, sdkmanrc, CI/CD, systemd)
+- 프론트엔드 REPLAY 모드: 외부 API 호출 제거, 샘플 데이터 전용
+- 프론트엔드 airplaneslive.ts / opensky.ts 삭제 (백엔드로 대체)
+- Vite 프록시에서 airplaneslive / opensky 항목 제거
+
 ## [2026-03-17.4]

 ### 추가
--- a/frontend/src/App.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/App.tsx
@ -13,10 +13,9 @@ import { LayerPanel } from './components/LayerPanel';
 import { useReplay } from './hooks/useReplay';
 import { useMonitor } from './hooks/useMonitor';
 import { fetchEvents, fetchSensorData } from './services/api';
-import { fetchAircraftOpenSky } from './services/opensky';
-import { fetchMilitaryAircraft, fetchAllAircraftLive, fetchMilitaryAircraftKorea, fetchAllAircraftLiveKorea } from './services/airplaneslive';
+import { fetchAircraftFromBackend } from './services/aircraftApi';
+import { getSampleAircraft } from './data/sampleAircraft';
 import { fetchSatelliteTLE, fetchSatelliteTLEKorea, propagateAll } from './services/celestrak';
-import { fetchAircraftOpenSkyKorea } from './services/opensky';
 import { fetchShips, fetchShipsKorea } from './services/ships';
 import { fetchOsintFeed } from './services/osint';
 import { KOREA_SUBMARINE_CABLES } from './services/submarineCable';
@ -217,52 +216,16 @@ function AuthenticatedApp({ user, onLogout }: AuthenticatedAppProps) {
  }, [refreshKey]);

  // Fetch base aircraft data
-  // LIVE: OpenSky (민간기) + Airplanes.live (모든 항공기 + 군용기) → 실시간 병합
-  // REPLAY: OpenSky (샘플 폴백) + military → 리플레이
+  // LIVE: 백엔드 /api/kcg/aircraft?region=iran 호출
+  // REPLAY: 하드코딩된 시나리오 샘플 데이터 사용
  useEffect(() => {
    const load = async () => {
      if (appMode === 'live') {
-        // 라이브: 3개 소스 동시 가져오기 — OpenSky + Airplanes.live + Military
-        const [opensky, allLive, mil] = await Promise.all([
-          fetchAircraftOpenSky().catch(() => [] as Aircraft[]),
-          fetchAllAircraftLive().catch(() => [] as Aircraft[]),
-          fetchMilitaryAircraft().catch(() => [] as Aircraft[]),
-        ]);
-
-        // 1) Airplanes.live 기본 + mil 카테고리 보강
-        const milMap = new Map(mil.map(a => [a.icao24, a]));
-        const merged = new Map<string, Aircraft>();
-
-        for (const ac of allLive) {
-          const milAc = milMap.get(ac.icao24);
-          if (milAc) {
-            merged.set(ac.icao24, { ...ac, category: milAc.category, typecode: milAc.typecode || ac.typecode });
-          } else {
-            merged.set(ac.icao24, ac);
-          }
-        }
-
-        // 2) mil에만 있는 항공기 추가
-        for (const m of mil) {
-          if (!merged.has(m.icao24)) merged.set(m.icao24, m);
-        }
-
-        // 3) OpenSky 데이터 추가 (Airplanes.live에 없는 항공기만)
-        for (const ac of opensky) {
-          if (!merged.has(ac.icao24)) merged.set(ac.icao24, ac);
-        }
-
-        const result = Array.from(merged.values());
+        const result = await fetchAircraftFromBackend('iran');
        if (result.length > 0) setBaseAircraft(result);
      } else {
-        // 리플레이: 기존 로직 (OpenSky 샘플 + military)
-        const [opensky, mil] = await Promise.all([
-          fetchAircraftOpenSky(),
-          fetchMilitaryAircraft(),
-        ]);
-        const milIcaos = new Set(mil.map(a => a.icao24));
-        const merged = [...mil, ...opensky.filter(a => !milIcaos.has(a.icao24))];
-        setBaseAircraft(merged);
+        // 리플레이: 하드코딩 시나리오 샘플
+        setBaseAircraft(getSampleAircraft());
      }
    };
    load();
@ -308,20 +271,7 @@ function AuthenticatedApp({ user, onLogout }: AuthenticatedAppProps) {
  // Fetch Korea aircraft data
  useEffect(() => {
    const load = async () => {
-      const [opensky, allLive, mil] = await Promise.all([
-        fetchAircraftOpenSkyKorea().catch(() => [] as Aircraft[]),
-        fetchAllAircraftLiveKorea().catch(() => [] as Aircraft[]),
-        fetchMilitaryAircraftKorea().catch(() => [] as Aircraft[]),
-      ]);
-      const milMap = new Map(mil.map(a => [a.icao24, a]));
-      const merged = new Map<string, Aircraft>();
-      for (const ac of allLive) {
-        const milAc = milMap.get(ac.icao24);
-        merged.set(ac.icao24, milAc ? { ...ac, category: milAc.category, typecode: milAc.typecode || ac.typecode } : ac);
-      }
-      for (const m of mil) { if (!merged.has(m.icao24)) merged.set(m.icao24, m); }
-      for (const ac of opensky) { if (!merged.has(ac.icao24)) merged.set(ac.icao24, ac); }
-      const result = Array.from(merged.values());
+      const result = await fetchAircraftFromBackend('korea');
      if (result.length > 0) setBaseAircraftKorea(result);
    };
    load();
--- a/frontend/src/data/sampleAircraft.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/data/sampleAircraft.ts
@ -1,122 +1,4 @@
-import type { Aircraft, AircraftCategory } from '../types';
-
-// OpenSky Network API - free tier, no auth needed for basic queries
-const OPENSKY_BASE = '/api/opensky/api';
-
-// Middle East bounding box (lat_min, lat_max, lng_min, lng_max)
-const ME_BOUNDS = {
-  lamin: 24,
-  lamax: 42,
-  lomin: 30,
-  lomax: 62,
-};
-
-// Known military callsign prefixes
-const MILITARY_PREFIXES: Record<string, AircraftCategory> = {
-  'RCH': 'cargo',       // C-17 / C-5 AMC
-  'REACH': 'cargo',
-  'KING': 'tanker',     // HC-130 rescue tanker
-  'ETHYL': 'tanker',    // KC-135
-  'STEEL': 'tanker',    // KC-135
-  'PACK': 'tanker',     // KC-135
-  'NCHO': 'tanker',     // KC-10
-  'JULEP': 'tanker',
-  'IRON': 'fighter',
-  'VIPER': 'fighter',
-  'RAGE': 'fighter',
-  'TOXIN': 'surveillance', // RC-135
-  'OLIVE': 'surveillance', // RC-135
-  'COBRA': 'surveillance',
-  'FORTE': 'surveillance', // RQ-4 Global Hawk
-  'HAWK': 'surveillance',
-  'GLOBAL': 'surveillance',
-  'SNTRY': 'surveillance', // E-3 AWACS
-  'WIZARD': 'surveillance',
-  'DOOM': 'military',
-  'EVAC': 'military',
-  'SAM': 'military',     // VIP/govt
-  'EXEC': 'military',
-  'NAVY': 'military',
-  'TOPCT': 'military',
-  'DEATH': 'fighter',    // B-2 Spirit
-  'REAPER': 'surveillance', // MQ-9
-  'DRAGON': 'surveillance', // U-2
-};
-
-function classifyAircraft(callsign: string): AircraftCategory {
-  const cs = callsign.toUpperCase().trim();
-  for (const [prefix, cat] of Object.entries(MILITARY_PREFIXES)) {
-    if (cs.startsWith(prefix)) return cat;
-  }
-  return 'civilian';
-}
-
-function parseOpenSkyResponse(data: { time: number; states: unknown[][] | null }): Aircraft[] {
-  if (!data.states) return [];
-
-  return data.states
-    .filter(s => s[6] !== null && s[5] !== null) // must have position
-    .map(s => {
-      const callsign = ((s[1] as string) || '').trim();
-      const category = classifyAircraft(callsign);
-      return {
-        icao24: s[0] as string,
-        callsign,
-        lat: s[6] as number,
-        lng: s[5] as number,
-        altitude: (s[7] as number) || 0,
-        velocity: (s[9] as number) || 0,
-        heading: (s[10] as number) || 0,
-        verticalRate: (s[11] as number) || 0,
-        onGround: s[8] as boolean,
-        category,
-        lastSeen: (s[4] as number) * 1000,
-      };
-    });
-}
-
-// OpenSky free tier: ~1 request per 10s. Shared throttle to avoid 429.
-let lastOpenSkyCall = 0;
-const OPENSKY_MIN_INTERVAL = 12_000; // 12s between calls
-
-async function throttledOpenSkyFetch(url: string): Promise<Aircraft[]> {
-  const now = Date.now();
-  const wait = OPENSKY_MIN_INTERVAL - (now - lastOpenSkyCall);
-  if (wait > 0) await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, wait));
-  lastOpenSkyCall = Date.now();
-
-  const res = await fetch(url);
-  if (res.status === 429) {
-    console.warn('OpenSky rate limited (429), skipping');
-    return [];
-  }
-  if (!res.ok) throw new Error(`OpenSky ${res.status}`);
-  const data = await res.json();
-  return parseOpenSkyResponse(data);
-}
-
-export async function fetchAircraftOpenSky(): Promise<Aircraft[]> {
-  try {
-    const url = `${OPENSKY_BASE}/states/all?lamin=${ME_BOUNDS.lamin}&lomin=${ME_BOUNDS.lomin}&lamax=${ME_BOUNDS.lamax}&lomax=${ME_BOUNDS.lomax}`;
-    return await throttledOpenSkyFetch(url);
-  } catch (err) {
-    console.warn('OpenSky fetch failed, using sample data:', err);
-    return getSampleAircraft();
-  }
-}
-
-// ═══ Korea region ═══
-const KR_BOUNDS = { lamin: 20, lamax: 45, lomin: 115, lomax: 145 };
-
-export async function fetchAircraftOpenSkyKorea(): Promise<Aircraft[]> {
-  try {
-    const url = `${OPENSKY_BASE}/states/all?lamin=${KR_BOUNDS.lamin}&lomin=${KR_BOUNDS.lomin}&lamax=${KR_BOUNDS.lamax}&lomax=${KR_BOUNDS.lomax}`;
-    return await throttledOpenSkyFetch(url);
-  } catch (err) {
-    console.warn('OpenSky Korea fetch failed:', err);
-    return [];
-  }
-}
+import type { Aircraft } from '../types';

 // T0 = main Iranian retaliation wave
 const T0 = new Date('2026-03-01T12:01:00Z').getTime();
@ -125,7 +7,7 @@ const MIN = 60_000;

 // ── 2026 March 1 verified aircraft deployments ──
 // Based on OSINT: Operation Epic Fury order of battle
-function getSampleAircraft(): Aircraft[] {
+export function getSampleAircraft(): Aircraft[] {
  const now = Date.now();
  return [
    // ═══════════════════════════════════════════
--- a/frontend/src/services/aircraftApi.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/services/aircraftApi.ts
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import type { Aircraft } from '../types';
+
+interface AircraftApiResponse {
+  region: string;
+  count: number;
+  lastUpdated: number;
+  aircraft: Aircraft[];
+}
+
+export async function fetchAircraftFromBackend(region: 'iran' | 'korea'): Promise<Aircraft[]> {
+  try {
+    const res = await fetch(`/api/kcg/aircraft?region=${region}`, {
+      credentials: 'include',
+    });
+    if (!res.ok) return [];
+    const data: AircraftApiResponse = await res.json();
+    return data.aircraft;
+  } catch {
+    return [];
+  }
+}
--- a/frontend/src/services/airplaneslive.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/services/airplaneslive.ts
@ -1,318 +0,0 @@
-import type { Aircraft, AircraftCategory } from '../types';
-
-// Airplanes.live API - specializes in military aircraft tracking
-const ADSBX_BASE = '/api/airplaneslive/v2';
-
-// Known military type codes
-const MILITARY_TYPES: Record<string, AircraftCategory> = {
-  'F16': 'fighter', 'F15': 'fighter', 'F15E': 'fighter', 'FA18': 'fighter',
-  'F22': 'fighter', 'F35': 'fighter', 'F14': 'fighter', 'EF2K': 'fighter',
-  'RFAL': 'fighter', 'SU27': 'fighter', 'SU30': 'fighter', 'SU35': 'fighter',
-  'KC10': 'tanker', 'KC30': 'tanker', 'KC46': 'tanker', 'K35R': 'tanker',
-  'KC35': 'tanker', 'A332': 'tanker',
-  'RC135': 'surveillance', 'E3': 'surveillance', 'E8': 'surveillance',
-  'RQ4': 'surveillance', 'MQ9': 'surveillance', 'P8': 'surveillance',
-  'EP3': 'surveillance', 'E6': 'surveillance', 'U2': 'surveillance',
-  'C17': 'cargo', 'C5': 'cargo', 'C130': 'cargo', 'C2': 'cargo',
-};
-
-interface AirplanesLiveAc {
-  hex: string;
-  flight?: string;
-  r?: string;      // registration (e.g. "A6-XWC")
-  lat?: number;
-  lon?: number;
-  alt_baro?: number | 'ground';
-  gs?: number;
-  track?: number;
-  baro_rate?: number;
-  t?: string;      // aircraft type code (e.g. "A35K")
-  desc?: string;   // type description (e.g. "AIRBUS A-350-1000")
-  ownOp?: string;  // owner/operator
-  squawk?: string;
-  category?: string;
-  nav_heading?: number;
-  seen?: number;
-  seen_pos?: number;
-  dbFlags?: number;
-  emergency?: string;
-}
-
-function classifyFromType(type: string): AircraftCategory {
-  const t = type.toUpperCase();
-  for (const [code, cat] of Object.entries(MILITARY_TYPES)) {
-    if (t.includes(code)) return cat;
-  }
-  return 'civilian'; // 군용 타입이 아니면 민간기
-}
-
-function parseAirplanesLive(data: { ac?: AirplanesLiveAc[] }): Aircraft[] {
-  if (!data.ac) return [];
-
-  return data.ac
-    .filter(a => a.lat != null && a.lon != null)
-    .map(a => {
-      const typecode = a.t || '';
-      const isMilDb = (a.dbFlags ?? 0) & 1; // military flag in database
-      let category = classifyFromType(typecode);
-      if (category === 'civilian' && isMilDb) category = 'military';
-
-      return {
-        icao24: a.hex,
-        callsign: (a.flight || '').trim(),
-        lat: a.lat!,
-        lng: a.lon!,
-        altitude: a.alt_baro === 'ground' ? 0 : (a.alt_baro ?? 0) * 0.3048, // ft->m
-        velocity: (a.gs ?? 0) * 0.5144, // knots -> m/s
-        heading: a.track ?? a.nav_heading ?? 0,
-        verticalRate: (a.baro_rate ?? 0) * 0.00508, // fpm -> m/s
-        onGround: a.alt_baro === 'ground',
-        category,
-        typecode: typecode || undefined,
-        typeDesc: a.desc || undefined,
-        registration: a.r || undefined,
-        operator: a.ownOp || undefined,
-        squawk: a.squawk || undefined,
-        lastSeen: Date.now() - (a.seen ?? 0) * 1000,
-      };
-    });
-}
-
-export async function fetchMilitaryAircraft(): Promise<Aircraft[]> {
-  try {
-    // Airplanes.live military endpoint - Middle East area
-    const url = `${ADSBX_BASE}/mil`;
-    const res = await fetch(url);
-    if (res.status === 429) return [];
-    if (!res.ok) throw new Error(`Airplanes.live ${res.status}`);
-    const data = await res.json();
-
-    // Filter to Middle East + surrounding region
-    return parseAirplanesLive(data).filter(
-      a => a.lat >= 12 && a.lat <= 42 && a.lng >= 25 && a.lng <= 68,
-    );
-  } catch (err) {
-    console.warn('Airplanes.live fetch failed:', err);
-    return []; // Will fallback to OpenSky sample data
-  }
-}
-
-// ═══ Korea region military aircraft ═══
-export async function fetchMilitaryAircraftKorea(): Promise<Aircraft[]> {
-  try {
-    const url = `${ADSBX_BASE}/mil`;
-    const res = await fetch(url);
-    if (res.status === 429) return [];
-    if (!res.ok) throw new Error(`Airplanes.live mil ${res.status}`);
-    const data = await res.json();
-    return parseAirplanesLive(data).filter(
-      a => a.lat >= 15 && a.lat <= 50 && a.lng >= 110 && a.lng <= 150,
-    );
-  } catch (err) {
-    console.warn('Airplanes.live Korea mil failed:', err);
-    return [];
-  }
-}
-
-// Korea region queries for all aircraft
-const KR_QUERIES = [
-  { lat: 37.5, lon: 127, radius: 250 },   // 서울 / 수도권
-  { lat: 35, lon: 129, radius: 250 },      // 부산 / 경남
-  { lat: 33.5, lon: 126.5, radius: 200 },  // 제주
-  { lat: 36, lon: 127, radius: 250 },      // 충청 / 대전
-  { lat: 38.5, lon: 128, radius: 200 },    // 동해안 / 강원
-  { lat: 35.5, lon: 131, radius: 250 },    // 동해 / 울릉도
-  { lat: 34, lon: 124, radius: 200 },      // 서해 / 황해
-  { lat: 40, lon: 130, radius: 250 },      // 일본해 / 북방
-];
-
-const krLiveCache = new Map<string, { ac: Aircraft[]; ts: number }>();
-let krInitialDone = false;
-let krQueryIdx = 0;
-let krInitPromise: Promise<void> | null = null;
-
-async function doKrInitialLoad(): Promise<void> {
-  console.log('Airplanes.live Korea: initial load...');
-  for (let i = 0; i < KR_QUERIES.length; i++) {
-    try {
-      if (i > 0) await delay(1500);
-      const ac = await fetchOneRegion(KR_QUERIES[i]);
-      krLiveCache.set(`kr-${i}`, { ac, ts: Date.now() });
-    } catch { /* skip */ }
-  }
-  krInitialDone = true;
-  krInitPromise = null;
-}
-
-export async function fetchAllAircraftLiveKorea(): Promise<Aircraft[]> {
-  const now = Date.now();
-
-  if (!krInitialDone) {
-    if (!krInitPromise) krInitPromise = doKrInitialLoad();
-  } else {
-    const toFetch: { idx: number; q: typeof KR_QUERIES[0] }[] = [];
-    for (let i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
-      const idx = (krQueryIdx + i) % KR_QUERIES.length;
-      const cached = krLiveCache.get(`kr-${idx}`);
-      if (!cached || now - cached.ts > CACHE_TTL) {
-        toFetch.push({ idx, q: KR_QUERIES[idx] });
-      }
-    }
-    krQueryIdx = (krQueryIdx + 2) % KR_QUERIES.length;
-
-    for (let i = 0; i < toFetch.length; i++) {
-      try {
-        if (i > 0) await delay(1200);
-        const ac = await fetchOneRegion(toFetch[i].q);
-        krLiveCache.set(`kr-${toFetch[i].idx}`, { ac, ts: Date.now() });
-      } catch { /* skip */ }
-    }
-  }
-
-  const seen = new Set<string>();
-  const merged: Aircraft[] = [];
-  for (const { ac } of krLiveCache.values()) {
-    for (const a of ac) {
-      if (!seen.has(a.icao24)) { seen.add(a.icao24); merged.push(a); }
-    }
-  }
-  return merged;
-}
-
-// Fetch ALL aircraft (military + civilian) in Middle East using point/radius queries
-// Airplanes.live /v2/point/{lat}/{lon}/{radius_nm} — CORS *, no auth
-// Rate limit: ~1 req/5s — must query sequentially with delay
-
-const LIVE_QUERIES = [
-  // ── 이란 ──
-  { lat: 35.5, lon: 51.5, radius: 250 },  // 0: 테헤란 / 북부 이란
-  { lat: 30, lon: 52, radius: 250 },      // 1: 이란 남부 / 시라즈 / 부셰르
-  { lat: 33, lon: 57, radius: 250 },      // 2: 이란 동부 / 이스파한 → 마슈하드
-  // ── 이라크 / 시리아 ──
-  { lat: 33.5, lon: 44, radius: 250 },    // 3: 바그다드 / 이라크 중부
-  // ── 이스라엘 / 동지중해 ──
-  { lat: 33, lon: 36, radius: 250 },      // 4: 레바논 / 이스라엘 / 시리아
-  // ── 터키 남동부 ──
-  { lat: 38, lon: 40, radius: 250 },      // 5: 터키 SE / 인시를릭 AB
-  // ── 걸프 / UAE ──
-  { lat: 25, lon: 55, radius: 250 },      // 6: UAE / 오만 / 호르무즈 해협
-  // ── 사우디 ──
-  { lat: 26, lon: 44, radius: 250 },      // 7: 사우디 중부 / 리야드
-  // ── 예멘 / 홍해 ──
-  { lat: 16, lon: 44, radius: 250 },      // 8: 예멘 / 아덴만
-  // ── 아라비아해 ──
-  { lat: 22, lon: 62, radius: 250 },      // 9: 아라비아해 / 파키스탄 연안
-];
-
-// Accumulated aircraft cache — keeps all regions, refreshed per-region
-const liveCache = new Map<string, { ac: Aircraft[]; ts: number }>();
-const CACHE_TTL = 60_000; // 60s per region cache
-let initialLoadDone = false;
-let queryIndex = 0;
-let initialLoadPromise: Promise<void> | null = null;
-
-function delay(ms: number) {
-  return new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, ms));
-}
-
-async function fetchOneRegion(q: { lat: number; lon: number; radius: number }): Promise<Aircraft[]> {
-  const url = `${ADSBX_BASE}/point/${q.lat}/${q.lon}/${q.radius}`;
-  const res = await fetch(url);
-  if (res.status === 429) {
-    // Rate limited — back off and return empty
-    console.warn('Airplanes.live rate limited (429), backing off');
-    await delay(5000);
-    return [];
-  }
-  if (!res.ok) throw new Error(`Airplanes.live ${res.status}`);
-  const data = await res.json();
-  return parseAirplanesLive(data);
-}
-
-// Non-blocking initial load: fetch regions in background, return partial results immediately
-async function doInitialLoad(): Promise<void> {
-  console.log('Airplanes.live: initial load — fetching 10 regions in background...');
-  for (let i = 0; i < LIVE_QUERIES.length; i++) {
-    try {
-      if (i > 0) await delay(1500);
-      const ac = await fetchOneRegion(LIVE_QUERIES[i]);
-      liveCache.set(`${i}`, { ac, ts: Date.now() });
-      console.log(`  Region ${i}: ${ac.length} aircraft`);
-    } catch (err) {
-      console.warn(`  Region ${i} failed:`, err);
-    }
-  }
-  initialLoadDone = true;
-  initialLoadPromise = null;
-}
-
-export async function fetchAllAircraftLive(): Promise<Aircraft[]> {
-  const now = Date.now();
-
-  if (!initialLoadDone) {
-    // Start background load if not started yet
-    if (!initialLoadPromise) {
-      initialLoadPromise = doInitialLoad();
-    }
-    // Don't block — return whatever we have so far
-  } else {
-    // ── 이후: 2개 지역씩 순환 갱신 (더 가볍게) ──
-    const toFetch: { idx: number; q: typeof LIVE_QUERIES[0] }[] = [];
-
-    for (let i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
-      const idx = (queryIndex + i) % LIVE_QUERIES.length;
-      const cached = liveCache.get(`${idx}`);
-      if (!cached || now - cached.ts > CACHE_TTL) {
-        toFetch.push({ idx, q: LIVE_QUERIES[idx] });
-      }
-    }
-    queryIndex = (queryIndex + 2) % LIVE_QUERIES.length;
-
-    for (let i = 0; i < toFetch.length; i++) {
-      try {
-        if (i > 0) await delay(1200);
-        const ac = await fetchOneRegion(toFetch[i].q);
-        liveCache.set(`${toFetch[i].idx}`, { ac, ts: Date.now() });
-      } catch (err) {
-        console.warn(`Region ${toFetch[i].idx} fetch failed:`, err);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Merge all cached regions, deduplicate by icao24
-  const seen = new Set<string>();
-  const merged: Aircraft[] = [];
-  for (const { ac } of liveCache.values()) {
-    for (const a of ac) {
-      if (!seen.has(a.icao24)) {
-        seen.add(a.icao24);
-        merged.push(a);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  return merged;
-}
-
-export async function fetchByCallsign(callsign: string): Promise<Aircraft[]> {
-  try {
-    const url = `${ADSBX_BASE}/callsign/${callsign}`;
-    const res = await fetch(url);
-    if (!res.ok) throw new Error(`Airplanes.live ${res.status}`);
-    const data = await res.json();
-    return parseAirplanesLive(data);
-  } catch {
-    return [];
-  }
-}
-
-export async function fetchByIcao(hex: string): Promise<Aircraft[]> {
-  try {
-    const url = `${ADSBX_BASE}/hex/${hex}`;
-    const res = await fetch(url);
-    if (!res.ok) throw new Error(`Airplanes.live ${res.status}`);
-    const data = await res.json();
-    return parseAirplanesLive(data);
-  } catch {
-    return [];
-  }
-}
--- a/frontend/vite.config.ts
+++ b/frontend/vite.config.ts
@ -80,18 +80,6 @@ export default defineConfig(({ mode }): UserConfig => ({
        rewrite: (path) => path.replace(/^\/api\/publish-twitter/, ''),
        secure: true,
      },
-      '/api/airplaneslive': {
-        target: 'https://api.airplanes.live',
-        changeOrigin: true,
-        rewrite: (path) => path.replace(/^\/api\/airplaneslive/, ''),
-        secure: true,
-      },
-      '/api/opensky': {
-        target: 'https://opensky-network.org',
-        changeOrigin: true,
-        rewrite: (path) => path.replace(/^\/api\/opensky/, ''),
-        secure: true,
-      },
      '/api/celestrak': {
        target: 'https://celestrak.org',
        changeOrigin: true,